Презентация на тему Introduction to management theories. (3.4)

of Organizations
Environment Side of Organizations

Management
Industrial Relations
Environment Side of Organization
Strategy
Organization Theory

14 Universal principles that managers should implement
Operational Approach (Fred

Taylor, 1911): Conducting a business by standards (Principles of Scientific Management)
Behavioral Approach: People are the central focus of organized activity
Hawthorne studies: Elton Mayo (1932)
Human Side of Enterprise (book by Douglas McGregor, 1960): Theory X vs. Theory Y based on different assumptions about people
Systems Approach: Synthetic thinking based on collective phenomena
Chester Barnard (The Functions of the Executive, 1938): Willingness to Serve, common purpose & communication are the principal elements of an organization
Contingency Approach: Effectiveness of managerial practices and techniques depend on situations

Authority (should accompany responsibility)
3. Discipline
4. Unity of command
5. Unity

of direction (efforts should be coordinated)
6. Subordination of individual interests to the general interest
7. Remuneration
8. Centralization (power balance depending on the context)
9. Scalar chain (formal chain of command)
10. Order (proper places – both materials and human resources)
11. Equity
12. Stability and tenure of personnel
13. Initiative
14. Esprit de corps (Harmonious efforts)

Beings with Emotion and Thinking Capability
Hawthorne study
Human Beings as

Intellectual Capital
Human Capital