Презентация на тему Egyptian Civilization

the world (6,650 kilometers), flows north from the heart

an impenetrable desert, and on the north by the

enriching the land with a thick layer of alluvial

joined the country together. Up until the nineteenth century,

and Lower Egypt, life and death, were an important

temples and palaces out of STONE, the most durable

with PAINTINGS, CARVED STONE IMAGES, HIEROGLYPHS, and THREE-DIMENSIONAL STATUES.

concerns the building of the PYRAMIDS. How did humans

haul the stone blocks on wooden sleds up the

The Ramp Theory

crane with a counterweight on one end may have

Other Pyramid-Construction Theories

because slave labor was not widely used in Egypt

of a FUNERARY COMPLEX. The complex includes a PROCESSIONAL

The PHARAOH was the head of State and the

social hierarchy.

Ancient Egypt achieved stability through the co-operation

Under them were the HIGH PRIESTS, followed by ROYAL OVERSEERS (administrators) who ensured that the 42 DISTRICT GOVERNORS carried out the pharaoh's orders.

Next to him, the most powerful officers were the VIZIERS, the executive heads of the bureaucracy.

At the bottom of the hierarchy were the SCRIBES, ARTISANS, FARMERS, and LABORERS.

the PHARAOHS represented themselves in writings and sculptured reliefs

Graeco-Roman period, at least three WOMEN ascended the throne,

their status from their relationship with the king.
Kings

the hierarchy was the VIZIER, the EXECUTIVE HEAD of

STRATIFICATION, and barriers between the classes were quite rigid.
Climbing

languages to be written down, perhaps only the Sumerian

Egyptians first used hieroglyphs for inscriptions carved or painted

Tombs
Sheets of papyrus
Wooden boards covered with a stucco wash
Potsherds
Fragments of limestone.

from a young age, went through a long apprenticeship

toil and protect you from every kind of work.

paper-like writing material, the exterior of the PAPYRUS stem

a formula that makes standing and sitting figures look

written on the inner passages and the walls of

deceased find their way in the afterworld.
Inscribed inside

I was the one who began (everything), the dweller in the Primeval Waters.
First Hahu* emerged from me
and then I began to move.
I created my limbs in my 'glory'
I was the maker of myself, in that I formed myself according to my desire and in accord with my heart.
-- Egyptian High God


*The wind which began the separation of the waters and raised the sky

of attaining new life. The deceased were taken before

Osiris

Maat

Amemet

chapters of spells to assist the deceased on their

together and transforms them into nations. It creates common

how belief systems evolved.

In the early stages of

Before the concept of God existed, magical power was encapsulated in the hieroglyph of a SCEPTER (or rod or staff).

degree of personal identity.
With a higher sense of

own particular deity represented by an ANIMAL (such as

Osiris

Isis

Horus

COMPLEX. It evolved over the centuries from one that

rituals of clothing, feeding and putting to bed the

THE BODY and life everlasting. This belief was rooted

the art of MUMMIFICATION.
As much of the brain as

main ingredient used in the mummification process. A compound

Resin


Frankincense
Natron
Onion
Nile mud
Linen pads

The basic tool kit included a KNIFE to make

OF SOUL:
KA is the life force or spiritual

of danger. Traveling on a SOLAR BARK, the mummy

WEIGHING OF THE HEART ceremony to judge whether the

one with the god Osiris. He then traveled through

strip of land on either side of the river

and scattering the seed
Separating the grain from the

Although the land was worked by the PEASANTS, it was owned by the king, his officials and the temples. Farmers had to meet GRAIN QUOTAS, which were handed over to the owners as a form of taxation.
They were allowed to keep a portion of the crops for their own benefit. If they did not produce the quantity expected, however, they were severely punished.

water for IRRIGATION.
Still used today, the SHADUF is

meat, milk, hides, and dung for cooking fuel.
A

and BREAD, the main staples of the Egyptian diet.

class, but beer was the favorite drink of the

FOWLING expeditions, a means of recreation that had ritualistic

to its diet. The poor substituted fish for meat,

of the Nile provided the mud used to make

made of mud bricks. The walls and roof would

more luxurious.
SPACIOUS reception and living rooms opened onto

residences, a temple and a workers’ village.

laborers. They learned their art from a master who

NEEDLEWORK. Very few artistic creations were signed, and exceptional

linen for clothing. WORKING-CLASS MEN wore loincloths or short

care of their hair. Hair was WASHED and SCENTED,

various COSMETICS: OILS, PERFUMES, and eye and facial paints.

zero, they calculated numbers based on the DECIMAL and

Numbers were usually written LEFT TO RIGHT, starting with the highest denominator. For example, in the number 2,525 the first number to appear on the left would be 2000, then 500, 20 and 5, as follows:

The Egyptians did not develop abstract mathematical formulas. They used the simple arithmetic of ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION

the night sky, taking measurements from the stars to

SPELLS with REMEDIES. If a person fell sick, the