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integration
1. the combining of two or more things
so that they work together effectively
2. the process of
getting people of different races to live and work together instead of separately: problems of racial integration
The integration of economic, political and cultural systems around the globe
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Dominance, domination, dominate
The dominance of developed countries in
decision-making
Television’s dominance over other media
The industry is dominated by
five multinational companies.
Monopoly domination
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At the expense of/ at the cost of…
if
something is done at the expense of someone or
something else, it is only achieved by doing something that could harm the other person or thing: the growth in short breaks, at the expense of longer package holidays
At the expense of poorer, less powerful nations
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force
the amount of physical power with which something
moves or hits another thing
A force for economic growth
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prosperity
when people have money and everything that is
needed for a good life:
a time of economic prosperity
the
future prosperity of the country
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Devastate, devastation
to damage something very badly or completely:
The
city centre was devastated by the bomb.
Environmental devastation
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exploitation
a situation in which you treat someone unfairly
by asking them to do things for you, but
give them very little in return - used to show disapproval
the development and use of minerals, forests, oil etc for business or industry
the controlled exploitation of resources
Commercial, economic exploitation
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Suppress, suppression
To stop from doing, knowing, showing
smth, etc:
The police were accused of suppressing evidence.
to prevent
something from growing or developing, or from working effectively:
The virus suppresses the body's immune system.
Suppression of human rights
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benefit
if you benefit from something or it benefits
you, it gives you an advantage, improves your life,
or helps you in some way:
They are working together to benefit the whole community. To benefit the rich.
benefit from/by
Many thousands have benefited from the new treatment.
They would benefit by reducing their labour costs.
benefit greatly/enormously/considerably etc
I'm sure you'll benefit greatly from the visit.
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Have an advantage
give smb an advantage
take advantage of
big/great/
major advantage
unfair advantage
enjoy the advantage
advantage over
Advantage – something that
helps you to be more successful than others, or the state of having this
Can the poor take advantage of…
Her experience meant that she had a big advantage over her opponent.
Companies that receive government subsidies have an unfair advantage.
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Well-being
a feeling of being comfortable, healthy, and happy
the
well-being of a country is the state in which
it is strong and doing well:
We are now concerned for the economic well-being of the country.
To improve someone’s well-being
a sense/feeling of well-being
physical/psychological/material etc well-being
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interaction
1. a process by which two or more
things affect each other
interaction with/between
the complex interaction between
mind and body
2. the activity of talking to other people, working together with them etc
interaction with/between
the degree of interaction between teacher and student
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Be driven by/ to be the driver of…
A
process driven by international trade
Technology has been the
other principal driver of globalization.
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(Have) effect on
big/major/ profound/ significant/ dramatic effect
bad/ harmful/
negative/ damaging effect
beneficial/ positive effect
long-term effect
feel the effect
the desired effect
cause the effect
The process has effect on the environment
the harmful effects of modern farming practices
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Buy from, sell to
It's cheaper to buy directly
from the manufacturer.
The vase was sold to a Dutch
buyer.
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Invest in
to buy shares, property, or goods because
you hope that the value will increase and you
can make a profit:
I've got a few thousand dollars I'm looking to invest.
Oliver made a fortune by investing in antique furniture.
Williams invested a large sum of money in Swiss stocks.
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Cross-border trade
relating to activity across a border between
two countries
cross-border trade/business etc
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adopt
adopt an approach/policy/attitude etc
to start to deal with
or think about something in a particular way:
The store
recently adopted a drug testing policy for all new employees.
California has adopted a tough stance (an opinion that is stated publicly) on the issue.
Many countries have adopted free-market economic systems.
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Productive
- producing or achieving a lot (≠ unproductive)
Most of
us are more productive in the morning.
a highly productive
meeting
They vastly increased their productive potential
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opportunity
Ideal/ perfect/ golden opportunity
Rare/ unique opportunity
Once-in-a-lifetime opportunity
Wasted/ lost/
missed opportunity
Take/use an opportunity
create new opportunities for
Provide/ present/
open up an opportunity
An opportunity comes/ arises
At the first/ earliest opportunity
At every possible opportunity
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establish
to start a company, organization, system, etc that
is intended to exist or continue for a long
time (= found)
The city of Boerne was established by German settlers in the 1840s.
Our goal is to establish a new research centre in the North.
To establish international agreements
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promote
to help something to develop or increase:
a meeting
to promote trade between Taiwan and the U.K.
To promote
trade in goods and services
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Foreign market/ domestic market
Domestic - relating to or
happening in one particular country and not involving any
other countries
Foreign:
1. from or relating to a country that is not your own;
2. involving or dealing with other countries
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controversial
causing a lot of disagreement, because many people
have strong opinions about the subject being discussed
a highly
controversial (=very controversial) plan to flood the valley in order to build a dam
Globalization is deeply controversial
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proponents/ opponents
Proponent - someone who supports something
Steinem has
always been a strong proponent of women's rights.
Opponent -
someone who you try to defeat in a competition, game, fight, or argument
During the primary elections, McCain was Bush's leading opponent.
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standards of living
To raise smb’s standards of living
These
figures clearly show the difference in world living standards.
below
standard (=not good enough)
up to standard (=good enough)
set a standard
meet/reach/attain a standard
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Resistance to globalization
Resistance - a refusal to
accept new ideas or changes
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manage
to direct or control a business or department
and the people, equipment, and money involved in it
to
manage the flow of capital, labour, goods, and ideas
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Benefits and costs
Benefit - an advantage, improvement, or
help that you get from something
Costs - the amount
of money that you have to pay in order to buy, do, or produce something
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