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Презентация на тему Introduction to Linguistics

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Everywhere, every day, everybody uses language. There is no human society, no matter how small or how isolated, which does not employ a language that is rich and diverse.Each human language is a complex of knowledge
Introduction to   Linguistics Lecture1Tulepova Saule, assist.professor Everywhere, every day, everybody uses language. There is no human society, no What is Linguistics?The field of scholarship that tries to answer the question Simple Definition of linguistics Linguistics is the study of language and of the way languages work The first principle of linguistics is: Respect people's language behavior, and describe it objectively. What is Language? 	Language is the system of human communication, either spoken The Creativity Aspect of LanguageHuman language is creative: allowing novelty and innovation Linguistic Knowledge (competence)Knowledge of Words: Knowing the sound units that are related Linguistic Performance: 	How you use this knowledge in actual speech production and Subfields of linguisticsPhonetics: the articulation and perception of speech sounds (physical aspects)Phonology: Phonetics is the systematic study of speech sounds of the language. Traditionally Phonetics: the physical nature of speechThe first sound in English “tall” and Phonology: the sound structure of languageIn English, the sounds we represent as Morphology is the study of words. Morphemes are the minimal units of Syntax is the grammar, structure, or order of the elements in a language statement. Syntax Syntax: the structure of sentencesYou can omit Semantics: the meaning of words and sentencesNote that the following sentence is Pragmatics is the study of the use of linguistic signs, words and sentences, in actual situations.Pragmatics Pragmatics: how speakers use language to do things in given contextsThese sentences Relations of linguistics with other sciences Historical LinguisticsSociolinguisticsPsycholinguisticsEthnolinguistics (or Anthropological Linguistics)DialectologyComputational LinguisticsPsycholinguistics and neurolinguistics Historical linguistics: language and history How did Latin develop into the various Sociolinguistics: language and social factorsWhat distinguishes the dialect of Philadelphia from that Psycholinguistics: language and the mindWhy do people sometimes make errors in their Computational linguistics: language and computers/computationCan we learn anything about human language using In the lectures to come, we will look at many subfields in
Слайды презентации

Слайд 2 Everywhere, every day, everybody uses language. There is

Everywhere, every day, everybody uses language. There is no human society,

no human society, no matter how small or how

isolated, which does not employ a language that is rich and diverse.
Each human language is a complex of knowledge and abilities enabling speakers of the language to communicate with each other, to express ideas, hypotheses, emotions, desires, and all the other things that need expressing.

Слайд 3 What is Linguistics?
The field of scholarship that tries

What is Linguistics?The field of scholarship that tries to answer the

to answer the question "How does language work?" is

called linguistics, and the scholars who study it are called linguists

Слайд 4 Simple Definition of linguistics
Linguistics is the study of language

Simple Definition of linguistics Linguistics is the study of language and of the way languages work

and of the way languages work


Слайд 5 The first principle of linguistics
is: Respect people's language

The first principle of linguistics is: Respect people's language behavior, and describe it objectively.

behavior, and describe it objectively.


Слайд 6 What is Language?
Language is the system of

What is Language? 	Language is the system of human communication, either

human communication, either spoken or written, consisting of the

use of words in a structured and conventional way.

Слайд 7 The Creativity Aspect of Language
Human language is creative:

The Creativity Aspect of LanguageHuman language is creative: allowing novelty and

allowing novelty and innovation is response to new thoughts,

experiences, and situations

Слайд 8 Linguistic Knowledge (competence)
Knowledge of Words: Knowing the sound

Linguistic Knowledge (competence)Knowledge of Words: Knowing the sound units that are

units that are related to specific meanings.
Knowledge of Sentences:

Knowing how to form sentences.

Knowledge of the Sound System: Knowing what sounds are in that language and what sounds are not.


Слайд 9 Linguistic Performance:
How you use this knowledge in

Linguistic Performance: 	How you use this knowledge in actual speech production

actual speech production and comprehension.
Linguistic Competence:
What you know

about a language.

Слайд 10 Subfields of linguistics
Phonetics: the articulation and perception of

Subfields of linguisticsPhonetics: the articulation and perception of speech sounds (physical

speech sounds (physical aspects)
Phonology: the patterning of speech sounds


Morphology: word formation
Syntax: sentence formation
Semantics: the interpretation of words and sentences
Pragmatics: how speakers use language in given contexts

Слайд 12
Phonetics is the systematic study of speech sounds

Phonetics is the systematic study of speech sounds of the language.

of the language.
Traditionally phoneticians rely on careful listening

and observation in order to describe speech sounds. In doing this, a phonetician refers to a classificatory framework for speech sounds which is based on how they are made and on aspects of the auditory impression they make.

Phonetics


Слайд 13 Phonetics: the physical nature of speech
The first sound

Phonetics: the physical nature of speechThe first sound in English “tall”

in English “tall” and the first sound in Spanish

“tu” are similar in several respects, but they differ in that the English sound can be described as alveolar (being pronounced at the ridge behind the teeth) and aspirated (being accompanied by a puff of breath which you can feel if you hold your hand in front of your mouth when you pronounce it), while the Spanish sound is dental (being pronounced at the teeth) and unaspirated (without the puff of breath).

Слайд 14 Phonology: the sound structure of language
In English, the

Phonology: the sound structure of languageIn English, the sounds we represent

sounds we represent as /p,t,k/ are aspirated (with the

puff of breath) at the beginning of a word, as in pill, tall, kill , but not when they come after an /s/, as in spill, stall, skill. You can test this by pronouncing the pairs with your hand in front of your mouth. The difference in pronunciation is a phonetic fact, but the rule describing it is a phonological rule that describes the English sound system. There are plenty of languages that do not have this rule.

Слайд 15 Morphology is the study of words. Morphemes are

Morphology is the study of words. Morphemes are the minimal units

the minimal units of words that have a meaning

and cannot be subdivided further. There are two main types: free and bound. Free morphemes can occur alone and bound morphemes must occur with another morpheme. An example of a free morpheme is “bad”, and an example of a bound morpheme is “ly.” It is bound because although it has meaning, it cannot stand alone. It must be attached to another morpheme to produce a word.

Morphology


Слайд 16 Syntax is the grammar, structure, or order of

Syntax is the grammar, structure, or order of the elements in a language statement. Syntax

the elements in a language statement.
Syntax


Слайд 17 Syntax: the structure of sentences
You can omit "that"

Syntax: the structure of sentencesYou can omit

in:
This is the book (that) I bought.
But

not in:
This is the book that was too expensive.

Слайд 18 Semantics: the meaning of words and sentences
Note that

Semantics: the meaning of words and sentencesNote that the following sentence

the following sentence is actually ambiguous, depending on how

we interpret the relationship between words:
For sale: an antique desk suitable for lady with thick legs and large drawers.
? what does “thick legs and large drawers” refer to?
The desk or the lady?


Слайд 19 Pragmatics is the study of the use of

Pragmatics is the study of the use of linguistic signs, words and sentences, in actual situations.Pragmatics

linguistic signs, words and sentences, in actual situations.

Pragmatics


Слайд 20 Pragmatics: how speakers use language to do things

Pragmatics: how speakers use language to do things in given contextsThese

in given contexts
These sentences can all express the same

request, but often indirectly:
It's cold in here.
I wonder if we can shut the window.
(Can you shut the window?)

Слайд 21 Relations of linguistics with other sciences

Relations of linguistics with other sciences

Слайд 22 Historical Linguistics
Sociolinguistics
Psycholinguistics
Ethnolinguistics (or Anthropological Linguistics)
Dialectology
Computational Linguistics
Psycholinguistics and neurolinguistics

Historical LinguisticsSociolinguisticsPsycholinguisticsEthnolinguistics (or Anthropological Linguistics)DialectologyComputational LinguisticsPsycholinguistics and neurolinguistics

Слайд 23 Historical linguistics: language and history
How did Latin develop

Historical linguistics: language and history How did Latin develop into the

into the various romance languages French, Italian, Spanish, Rumanian,

Portuguese, Romansch, Catalan, Occitan, Sardinian etc.?
What did the parent of the various Germanic languages German, English, Dutch, Norwegian, Icelandic, Swedish, Danish, Icelandic, Frisian, Faeroese, Gothic etc. sound like, of which we have no written records, but which must have been spoken at around the same time as Classical Latin?

Слайд 24 Sociolinguistics: language and social factors
What distinguishes the dialect

Sociolinguistics: language and social factorsWhat distinguishes the dialect of Philadelphia from

of Philadelphia from that of New York?
What are

the effects of mass media and personal mobility on dialect differences?

Слайд 25 Psycholinguistics: language and the mind
Why do people sometimes

Psycholinguistics: language and the mindWhy do people sometimes make errors in

make errors in their native language?
How do children

learn the complexities of a language without formal instruction?

Слайд 26 Computational linguistics: language and computers/computation
Can we learn anything

Computational linguistics: language and computers/computationCan we learn anything about human language

about human language using tools and formalisms that were

developed to describe and interpret formal computer languages?
How can we teach computers to use human language?

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