Презентация на тему Comparing political culture. Inglehart’s Theory of Value Change and Support for Democracy

Inglehart’s theory of value change?
What evidence supports the general

theory?
Potential criticisms of Inglehart?
What are the consequences for support for democracy and democratization?

attitudes, and opinions,
Social norms and practices
Gabriel Almond and

Sidney Verba’s The Civic Culture (1963) –
“Attitudes towards the political system and its various parts, and attitudes towards the role of the self in the system.”
Enduring orientation acquired due to the socialization process

to develop in new nations, it will require more

than the formal institutions of democracy..[it] requires as well a political culture consistent with it..the norms and values of ordinary citizens”
Almond and Verba The Civic Culture (1963)

(1990)
Modernization and Post-Modernization (1997)
Inglehart & Norris Rising Tide

(2003)
Norris and Inglehart Sacred & Secular (2004)
Inglehart and Welzel Modernization, cultural change and democracy (2005)
www.worldvaluessurvey.org

go together in coherent patterns that are changing the

world in predictable ways.”
Inglehart Ch 1.
Probabilistic non-linear trajectories, but not precise predictions in all cases

> attitudes > beliefs
Scarcity hypothesis
Socialization hypothesis
Maslovian value

hierarchy

Aesthetic
Intellectual
Belonging and esteem

Safety
Sustenance

1945)
Decline of ‘old’ political cleavages
Class, region, religion
Rise of

new politics
Materialist v. post-materialist new parties eg Greens
New social movements eg women, gays, environmentalists
New public policy agenda
New demands for participation beyond elections
New ‘quality of life’ issues
New left and new right
Growing cultural demand for democratic institutions

Values

Post-Modernization
Modernization

heavy industry
Rural to urban
Division church and state
Mass education and

literacy
Occupational specialization
Working class and urban bourgeoisie, decline of peasants and landed estates
Bureaucratic rational-legal authority, expansion of franchise
Basic welfare state and social protection, education/health
From extended to nuclear families
Entry more women into paid workforce

Modern to Post-modern
Service sector
Urban to suburban
Secularization & scientific authority
Higher education
Flexible careers
From ascribed to achieved status, decline in political salience of class cleavage
Growth of multilayered governance, rise of new participatory demands
Market liberalization and contracting out of social protection functions
Growth non-traditional households
Growing sex equality in the home and workplace

can be stepped
Not deterministic – reciprocal causal linkages or

functional evolution

days about what the aims of the country should

be for the next ten years. On this card are listed some of the goals which different people would give as top priority. Would you please say which of these you consider the most important? And which would be the next most important?
Maintaining order in the nation
Giving people more say in important government decisions
Fighting rising prices
Protecting freedom of speech”

Mat

Mat

PM

PM

cultural values?
Do values cluster in predictable patterns?
How does

region and religion influence cultural values?

- 53 nations
1999-2002 - 79 nations
2006-2007 – 42 nations

to date
Representative surveys per nation 1000
New sources www.globalbarometer.org
Africa, Latin America, Asia, C&E Europe

e.g. environmental movement, green parties
Economic-cultural determinism?
Prospects for democracy in

agrarian societies
e.g. Can agrarian societies like India be democratic?

values influence subsequent democratic institutions (not vice versa)
Direct attitudes

towards democracy are less important than self-expression values

Financial capital and economic resources (income and wealth)
Human capital

and cognitive resources (access to information and education), and
Social capital (diversifying human interaction and networks)
Reduces constraints (widens objective capacity of people to act according to their own choices)
Leads towards self-expression values (subjective aspirations for choice)
In turn, self-expression values lead towards greater demand for entitlement to choice, including civil and political liberties, and demand for democratic institutions

values (4-item index)
Life satisfaction and subjective well-being
R describes self

as ‘very’ or ‘rather’ happy
Tolerance of other’s liberty
R agrees that homosexuality is justifiable (10-pt scale)
Elite-challenging civil activity
R would sign a petition
Generalized interpersonal trust:
R agrees ‘most people can be trusted most of the time’
Is the measure valid, reliable, and robust?

values (4-item index)
Life satisfaction and subjective well-being
R describes self

as ‘very’ or ‘rather’ happy
Tolerance of other’s liberty
R agrees that homosexuality is justifiable (10-pt scale)
Elite-challenging civil activity
R would sign a petition
Generalized interpersonal trust:
R agrees ‘most people can be trusted most of the time’
Is the measure valid, reliable, and robust?

(4-item index) .87
R describes self as ‘very’ or

‘rather’ happy .81
R agrees that homosexuality is justifiable (10-pt scale) .77
R would sign a petition .74
R agrees ‘most people can be trusted most of the time’ .46

25% cross-national variations in ‘survival’ v. ‘self-expression’ values
(Aggregate-level analysis WVS 78 societies 1981-2001)

IV 20-pt democracy-autocracy scale
Electoral democracy
Vanhanen 100-pt scale (Turnout*party competition)
Formal

democracy
Civil and political liberties
Freedom House 12-pt scale
Regime change = 4+ pt FH scale change per year
Major watershed 1987-1996
Effective democracy
How far power-holders follow legal norms
FH scores * WB anticorruption scores

(Y)
Test for:
Temporal order
X t1 leads to Y t2…
Spuriousness

Control for Z (economic development)
Autocorrelations
Measure of Y t1 leads to Y t2

1997-2002
Democracy, FH 1981-1986
Self-expression values, early-1990s
Socio-econ resources, early-1990s
.49**
.81***
A.
B.
.26
.11

values?
Democratic institutions encourage tolerance, trust, etc?
Examine historical development in

specific cases e.g.
post-Communist countries
Singapore
Germany
India
What of direct attitudes towards democratic ideals and practices?

Norms: Institutions & Civic Culture U. Michigan Press 2005

no systematic evidence that links cultural values either to

the longer-term viability of democratic institutions or even to shorter-term transitions to democracy.”
Robert W. Jackman and Ross A. Miller p.129
Claims driven by one or more enigmatic empirical decisions, without which the argument fails.

values?
Levels of social trust?
Support for democratic ideals or practices?
Tendency

towards ex post explanation
Eg Confucianism ‘explains’ economic growth of the Asian tigers?
Problems of a few influential cases driving general results

whole generate a set of non-cumulative results and thereby

signify an empirical research program grounded on a set of ad hoc assumptions.”
Jackman and Miller p.131
More plausible to treat values as endogenous i.e. a response to the conditions within which people find themselves.
Eg national wealth and degree of democracy lead towards self-reported life satisfaction
Eg performance of government institutions leads towards political trust and confidence in them
Political and economic circumstances > values
Not values leading to economic and political outcomes