Презентация на тему The morphological structure of english words and word-building in english. (Lecture 3-4)

Roots, affixes: prefixes, suffixes, infixes.
Affixation:
Prefixation
Suffixation

by changing the part of speech characteristics of the

word without changing its morphemic shape.
The most productive pattern of conversion (конверсионная модель) is N→V: honeymoon→to honeymoon.
Less productive is the pattern Adj→N: slow→to slow (us. to slow down – сбавлять скорость).
The pattern V→N is much less frequent than the pattern N→V: to fall – a fall.

snowballed by the hour.
The newspaper headlined his long record

of accomplishments.
Kissinger got the plans and helicoptered to Camp David.

a three-year wait.
This little restaurant is quite a find.
It

is a good buy.
He took a close look at the machine.

state common to a group of person: the deaf,

the blind, the poor, the wounded
Denoting peoples of a nation (ending in –sh, -se, -ch): the English, the Chinese, the Danish, the Scotch
Denoting a quality in the abstract: a strong dislike for the sentimental, to distinguish the false and the true, from the sublime to the ridiculous
Denoting a single person (converted from participles): the accused, the deceased, the deserted, the condemned

returned native
He is a natural for the job.
Tom is

one of our regulars, he comes in for a drink about this time every night.
To them she is not a brusque crazy, but appropriately passionate.
They are the creatives in the advertising department.

of joining two or more bases to form a

new unit, a compound word.
It is a common device which has been productive at every period of the English language. Today the largest number of new words are formed by compounding.

linking vowel or consonant: saleswoman, handicraft
With linking preposition or

conjunction: mother-in-law, bread-and-butter
Syntactic – by lexicalized phrase: forget-me-not, stick-in-the-mud
Derivational: teenager, blue-eyed, town-planning

bookcase;
2) one derived stem: chainsmoker, cinema-going;
3) one clipped stem:

B-girl, H-bomb;
4) one compound stem: wastepaper-basket.

abbreviation
1) clipped words: those created by clipping part of

the word (usually a noun), leaving only a piece of the old word. The clipped form is normally regarded as informal.

copter=helicopter
comfy=comfortable

using the first letters of words to form a

proper name, a technical term, or a phrase;
an initialism proper is pronounced letter by letter.
acronyms: words formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as words. Acronyms differ from initialisms in that they are pronounced as words rather than as sequences of letters.

assisted design
cm=centimeter
TB=tuberculosis

language
UNESCO=the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
Sars=Severe Acute

Respiratory Syndrome

refrigerator
taxicab
gym
dorm
hanky
Gas
kilo
flu
biz
chute
fridge
taxi or cab

Give clippings for the following

words

technology
artificial intelligence
Save our ship
international direct dial
Greenwich Mean Time
very important

person
postscript
ante meridiem
post meridiem

Write out in full the following initialisms

word-formation by which a word is created by the

deletion of a supposed suffix. It is also known as a reverse derivation.

gloomy
donate from donation
brainwash from brainwashing
sleep-walk from sleep-walking

which a new word is formed by combining parts

of two words. The result of such a process is called a blend or telescopic word or portmanteau word. Blending is thus a process of both compounding and abbreviation.

slimnastics (slim＋gymnastics)
videophone ( video ＋telephone)

word building
Sound imitation (Onomatopoeia) is a way of word-formation

which consists in imitating the sounds made by animals, birds, insects, men and different objects: bang, giggle, quack.

repetition of the stem or of the whole word

(bye-bye), often with a variation of the root vowel or consonant (ping-pong)
These words are always colloqual or slang, among them there many nursery words.
1) the words in which the same stem is repeated without any changes (pretty-pretty, goody-goody, never-never (утопия);
2) words with a vowel variation (chit-chat (сплетни), ping-pong, tip-top);
3) words with pseudomorphemes (rhyme combinations) (lovey-dovey, walkie-talkie, willy-nilly); the parts of such words don’t exist as separate words.

words considered essential for grammatical completeness but not for

the conveyance of the intended lexical meaning: pub←public house, daily←daily newspaper, sale←cutprice sale, taxi←taximotor cab (ellipsis+apocopy in the last word).

– song, to live – live) and consonant-interchange (use

– to use [z], advice – to advise). Consonant interchange may be combined with vowel interchange: bath – to bathe.
Distinctive stress is found in groups like `present – pres`ent, `conduct – con`duct, `abstract – abstr’act, etc. These words were French borrowings with the original stress on the last syllable.