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Презентация на тему Lecture 5 Categories and types of present-day English and Ukrainian word-formation (part 2)

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Lecture 5Categories and types of present-day English and Ukrainianword-formation (part 2)Contrast is the occurance of different elements to create interest
Ivan Franko National University in Lviv Lecture 5Categories and types of present-day English and Ukrainianword-formation (part 2)Contrast is ...the game is to say something new with old words Plan 1. Compounding        1.1. Formal Productivityone of the productive means of word-formation both in English and in Ф DEFINITION A compound is a lexical unit consisting of more Number and type of bases involvedIn principle any number of bases may cohesion and integrity of a compoundThe structural cohesion and integrity of a Formal aspectsIn English there are three forms of compound words:the closed form, in Formal aspectsModifying compounds are often hyphenated to avoid confusion. The New York the structure of a compoundIn describing the structure of a compound we the structure of a compound	This does not mean that a compound can The semantic integrity of a compoundis very often idiomatic in its character, video syntactic relationssemantic connections within compounds can be treated in terms of syntactic Contrastive analysis of noun compounds Subject + action : вода спадає – Contrastive analysis of noun compoundsdeverbal noun + noun (subject)In English we refer Contrastive analysis of noun compoundsObject + action: вказує дорогу – дороговказnoun (object) Contrastive analysis of noun compoundsnoun (object) + agent nounIn English this is Contrastive analysis of noun compoundsverb + noun (object)Eng.: call-girl, push-button, drawbridge. In Contrastive analysis of noun compoundsAction + adverbial: ходить пішки – пішохід.In English Contrastive analysis of noun compoundsnoun (adverbial component ) + verbal noun in Summing upContrastive analysis of compound nouns in Eng. and in Ukr. with ‘verbless’ compoundssilkworm, молокозавод (noun2 produces noun1),doorknob, лісостеп, глинозем (noun1 has noun2),raindrop, скловата verbless compounds:  subject and object[A] WINDMILL: noun1 + noun2 (noun1 verbless compounds:  subject and object[D] ′DOORKNOB: noun 1 + noun2 (noun1 verbless compounds:  subject and object[E] SECURITY OFFICER: noun1 + noun2 (noun2 Combining-form compoundsPSYCHO -ANALYSIS: noun1 (in its combining form)+ noun2 (= noun2 in Stress patternsStress patterns are various and the primary stress often falls on Bahuvrihi compondsThe term “bahuvrihi” refers not to the pattern of formation but Bahuvrihi compondsa highbrow means ‘an intellectual’, on the basis of the facetious back-formationSpeaking about compounding we should also mention that a particularly productive type ReduplicativesSome compounds have two or more constituents which are either identical or ReduplicativesThe most common uses of reduplicatives (sometimes called ‘jingles’) are:[i] to imitate In connection with reduplication (Uk.: тихо-тихо, ледь-ледь, думав-думав) Ukrainian linguists single out
Слайды презентации

Слайд 2 Lecture 5
Categories and types of present-day English and

Lecture 5Categories and types of present-day English and Ukrainianword-formation (part 2)Contrast

Ukrainian
word-formation (part 2)

Contrast is the occurance
of different elements

to create interest

Слайд 3
...the game is to say something new

...the game is to say something new with old words

with old words

Ralph Waldo Emerson (1849)



Слайд 4 Plan
1. Compounding

Plan 1. Compounding    1.1. Formal characteristics

1.1. Formal characteristics

1.2.The treatment of compounds.
1.3. Types of compounds
2 .Contrastive analysis of noun compounds in English and Ukrainian
2.1. Suggested classification in terms of syntactic paraphrase
2.2. “Bahuvrihi” compounds
2.3. Reduplicatives


Слайд 5 Productivity
one of the productive means of word-formation both

Productivityone of the productive means of word-formation both in English and

in English and in Ukrainian
is characterized by the

ease with which compound words are formed when need arises without becoming permanent units of the vocabulary
should be studied both diachronically and synchronically
TASKS:
1). The principal features of compounds which distinguish them from other linguistic units.
2). The semantic structure of compound words.
3). The principles of classification.


Слайд 6 Ф DEFINITION
A compound is a lexical unit consisting of

Ф DEFINITION A compound is a lexical unit consisting of

more than one stem and functioning both grammatically and

semantically as a single word. I.V.Arnold states that these stems occur in English as free forms.
In Ukrainian compounding is subdivided into
1. Stem-combining with the help of interfixes о, е (доброзичливий, працездатний) or without them (триповерховий, всюдихiд);
2. Word-combining or juxtaposition (Lat. juxta - near, positio - place) - combining several words or word-forms in one complex word (хата-лабораторiя, салон-перукарня)


Слайд 7 Number and type of bases involved
In principle any

Number and type of bases involvedIn principle any number of bases

number of bases may be involved, but in English

except for a relatively minor class of items (normally abbreviated) compounds usually comprise two stems only, however internally complex each may be.
Compounding can take place within any of the word classes, but with very few exceptions, the resulting compound word in English is a noun, a verb or an adjective. In Ukrainian this list includes nouns, adjectives and adverbs.


Слайд 8 cohesion and integrity of a compound

The structural cohesion

cohesion and integrity of a compoundThe structural cohesion and integrity of

and integrity of a compound may depend upon:
unity

of stress,
solid or hyphanated spelling,
semantic unity,
unity of morphological and syntactic functioning
or, more often, upon the combined effect of several of these factors


Слайд 9 Formal aspects
In English there are three forms of

Formal aspectsIn English there are three forms of compound words:the closed form,

compound words:
the closed form, in which the words are melded

together, such as firefly, secondhand, softball, childlike, crosstown, redhead, keyboard, makeup, notebook;
the hyphenated form, such as daughter-in-law, master-at-arms, over-the-counter, six-pack, six-year-old, mass-produced;
and the open form, such as post office, real estate, middle class, full moon, half sister, attorney general.

Слайд 10 Formal aspects
Modifying compounds are often hyphenated to avoid

Formal aspectsModifying compounds are often hyphenated to avoid confusion. The New

confusion. The New York Public Library's Writer's Guide points out that

an old-furniture salesman clearly deals in old furniture, but an old furniture salesman would be an old man.
We probably would not have the same ambiguity, however, about a used car dealer. When compounded modifiers precede a noun, they are often hyphenated: part-time teacher, fifty-yard-wide field, fire-resistant curtains, high-speed chase. When those same modifying words come after the noun they are not hyphenated: a field fifty yards wide, curtains that are fire resistant, etc

Слайд 11 the structure of a compound
In describing the structure

the structure of a compoundIn describing the structure of a compound

of a compound we should examine the relations of

the members to each other.
Compounding associates stems drawn from the whole lexicon in a wide range of semantic relations. Although both bases in a compound are in principle equally open, they are normally in a relation whereby the first is modifying the second.
In short, compounding can in general be viewed as prefixation with open-class items. (A Comprehensive grammar, p. 1568)

Слайд 12 the structure of a compound
This does not mean

the structure of a compound	This does not mean that a compound

that a compound can be formed by placing any

lexical item in front of another. The relations between items brought together in compounding must be such that it is reasonable and useful to classify the second element in terms of the first. Such compounds are called endocentric.
In exocentric compounds there is no semantic centre as in scarecrow (figure of a man in old clothes set up to scare birds away from crops). Only the combination of both elements names the referent.


Слайд 13 The semantic integrity of a compound
is very often

The semantic integrity of a compoundis very often idiomatic in its

idiomatic in its character, so that the meaning of

the whole is not a mere sum of its elements and the compound is often very different in meaning from a corresponding syntactic group.
e.g. a blackboard - a black board.
In some cases the original motivation of the idiomatic compound cannot be easily re-created.
e.g. blackmail -getting money or some other profit from a person by threats.

Слайд 15 syntactic relations
semantic connections within compounds can be treated

syntactic relationssemantic connections within compounds can be treated in terms of

in terms of syntactic relations. Such mode of presentation

which (where possible) links compounds to sentential or clausal paraphrases is adopted by A Comprehensive Grammar, H.Marchand.
As an example of this approach we may take the two compounds: daydreaming and sightseeing which can be analyzed in terms of their sentential analogues:
X dreams during the day, i.e. verb + adverbial
X sees sights, i.e. verb + object


Слайд 16 Contrastive analysis of noun compounds
Subject + action

Contrastive analysis of noun compounds Subject + action : вода спадає

: вода спадає – водоспад this type is represented

by the following ways of combining of structural components:
noun (subject) + deverbal noun e.g.
English: sunrise, rainfall, headache, bee-sting, frostbite, daybreak, heartbeat, rainfall
Ukrainian: небосхил, серцебиття, зорепад, сонцестояння, снігопад
This type is rather productive in both contrasted languages.



Слайд 17 Contrastive analysis of noun compounds
deverbal noun + noun

Contrastive analysis of noun compoundsdeverbal noun + noun (subject)In English we

(subject)
In English we refer to this type those compounds

where the first component is a verbal noun in –ing, e.g, flying machine, firing squad, investigating committee and it is very productive. In Ukrainian examples are few: падолист (арх.), трясогузка.
verb + noun (subject)
This type can be found only in English: watchdog, playboy.

Слайд 18 Contrastive analysis of noun compounds
Object + action: вказує

Contrastive analysis of noun compoundsObject + action: вказує дорогу – дороговказnoun

дорогу – дороговказ
noun (object) + deverbal noun
This is a

moderately productive type in English but very common in Ukrainian, e.g.
English: birth-control, handshake. Ukrainian: душогуб, сінокіс, гречкосій, родовід.
In Eng. we can single out a subtype noun (object) + verbal noun in – ing: book-keeping, town-planning. In Ukr. compounds of that subtype correspond to compounds in –ння: сироваріння, містобудування.


Слайд 19 Contrastive analysis of noun compounds
noun (object) + agent

Contrastive analysis of noun compoundsnoun (object) + agent nounIn English this

noun
In English this is a very productive type and

designates concrete (usually human) agents: mathmaker, stockholder, hairsplitter. Note, however, dishwasher, lawn-mover. All compounds of this type in English are nouns with –er suffix. As in Ukrainian there is a wide range of suffixes forming agent nouns, so examples of compounds reflect this diversity: м’ясорубка, законодавець, користолюбець,квартиронаймач, містобудівник.

Слайд 20 Contrastive analysis of noun compounds
verb + noun (object)
Eng.:

Contrastive analysis of noun compoundsverb + noun (object)Eng.: call-girl, push-button, drawbridge.

call-girl, push-button, drawbridge. In Ukr. the first component of

these compounds is a verb in imperative: голиборода, крути- вус, пройдисвіт, дурисвіт. This type is often encountered in plant-names as дери- літ, ломикамінь, ломиніс and for poetic characterization of people as Вернигора, Перетанцюйбіс, Непийвода. This type of compounds belongs to the ancient layer of Ukr. vocabulary, for example, the God of Sun in ancient Ukrainian religion was named Дажбог : imperative form of the verb dadjú – дай and noun bogú – щастя, добробут.


Слайд 21 Contrastive analysis of noun compounds
Action + adverbial: ходить

Contrastive analysis of noun compoundsAction + adverbial: ходить пішки – пішохід.In

пішки – пішохід.
In English this type of noun compounds

has the following subtypes:
verbal noun in – ing + noun (adverbial component which can be transformed into prepositional phrase), e.g. writing-desk (write at a desk), hiding place (hide in a place), walking stick (walk with a stick).
noun (adverbial component) + agent noun,e.g. city-dweller (dwell in the city), baby sitter (sit with the baby)

Слайд 22 Contrastive analysis of noun compounds
noun (adverbial component )

Contrastive analysis of noun compoundsnoun (adverbial component ) + verbal noun

+ verbal noun in –ing, sunbathing (bathe in the

sun), handwriting (write by hand),
noun (adverbial component) + noun (converted from verb), homework (work at home), gunfight (fight with a gun).
In Eng. the 2) and the 4) subtypes can actually be combined and this combined type occurs in Ukr.: місцеперебування, праце-здатність, світогляд. Besides, In Ukr. there exists another productive type of compounds formation: adverb (adverbial component) + deverbal noun, e.g. скоропис, марнослів’я, пішохід.



Слайд 23 Summing up
Contrastive analysis of compound nouns in Eng.

Summing upContrastive analysis of compound nouns in Eng. and in Ukr.

and in Ukr. with syntactic paraphrase as tertium comparationis

reveals both isomorphic and allomorphic features in contrasted languages.

Слайд 24 ‘verbless’ compounds
silkworm, молокозавод
(noun2 produces noun1),
doorknob, лісостеп, глинозем

‘verbless’ compoundssilkworm, молокозавод (noun2 produces noun1),doorknob, лісостеп, глинозем (noun1 has noun2),raindrop,

(noun1 has noun2),
raindrop, скловата
(noun1 is of, consists of

noun2),
ashtray, птахоферма, зерносховище
(noun2 is for noun1),
girlfriend, лісосмуга
(noun2 is noun1),
security officer
(noun2 controls/works in connection with noun1)


Слайд 25 verbless compounds: subject and object
[A] WINDMILL: noun1 +

verbless compounds: subject and object[A] WINDMILL: noun1 + noun2 (noun1

noun2 (noun1 powers/operates noun2 “the wind powers the mill”).

e.g.: air-brake, steam engine, gas cooker.
[B] TOY FACTORY : noun1 + noun2 (noun2 produces/yields noun1, “the factory produces toys”). e.g.: honey-bee, silkworm, gold mine
Ukrainian: шовкопряд, нафтопромисел
[C] BLOODSTAIN: noun1 + noun2 (noun1 produces/yields noun2, “the blood produces stains”). e.g.: hay fever, tortoise-shell, whalebone, food poisoning.



Слайд 26 verbless compounds: subject and object
[D] ′DOORKNOB: noun 1

verbless compounds: subject and object[D] ′DOORKNOB: noun 1 + noun2 (noun1

+ noun2 (noun1 has noun2 “the door has a

knob”). This is a very productive type. Noun is inanimate. With animate nouns we use a noncompound genitive phrase: compare the table leg with the boy’s leg. e.g.: window-pane, cartwheel, bedpost.

Слайд 27 verbless compounds: subject and object
[E] SECURITY OFFICER: noun1

verbless compounds: subject and object[E] SECURITY OFFICER: noun1 + noun2 (noun2

+ noun2 (noun2 controls/works in connection with noun1 “The

officer looks after security”). e.g.: chairperson, fireman, deckhand. This is a very productive type, with the second constituent always a human agent. Indeed, so commonly has man been thus used (in its unmarked gender role, “human adult”) that in some compounds it has a reduced vowel /men/. This item and its gender-free alternative person might be viewed as a suffix. In Ukrainian terminology some final elements of compounds are called suffixoids : -грiйка, думець, -лов. e.g.: тiлогрiйка, однодумець, птахолов.




Слайд 28 Combining-form compounds
PSYCHO -ANALYSIS: noun1 (in its combining form)+

Combining-form compoundsPSYCHO -ANALYSIS: noun1 (in its combining form)+ noun2 (= noun2

noun2 (= noun2 in respect of noun1) “the analysis

of the psyche”. This is a highly productive type both in Ukrainian and in English.
Various relations can be involved. Typically the first constituent does not occur as a separate noun stem, but the model has been widely imitated with common stems, with an infix (usually -o- but often -i-) as a link between the two parts: cryptography, insecticide, etc.

Слайд 29 Stress patterns
Stress patterns are various and the primary

Stress patternsStress patterns are various and the primary stress often falls

stress often falls on the link vowel of the

combining form. Among common second constituents are -meter,-graph(y), -gram, -logy. In Ukrainian: -метр(iя), -граф(iя), -лог(iя), -ман(iя). The formations are especially in the fields of science and learning. In consequence, many are in international currency, adopted or adapted in numerous languages.



Слайд 30 Bahuvrihi componds
The term “bahuvrihi” refers not to the

Bahuvrihi compondsThe term “bahuvrihi” refers not to the pattern of formation

pattern of formation but to the relation such compounds

have with their referents.
Neither constituent refers to the entity named but, the whole refers to a separate entity (usually a person) that is claimed to be characterized by the compound, in its literal or figurative meaning.

Слайд 31 Bahuvrihi componds
a highbrow means ‘an intellectual’, on the

Bahuvrihi compondsa highbrow means ‘an intellectual’, on the basis of the

basis of the facetious claim that people of intellectual

interest and cultivated tastes are likely to have a lofty expanse of forehead.
Many bahuvrihi compounds are somewhat disparaging (зневажливий) in tone and are used chiefly in informal style. They are formed on one or other of the patterns already described.
e.g: birdbrain, egghead, hardback, loudmouth, blockhead, butterfingers, featherweight.
Ukrainian: твердолобий, криворукий.


Слайд 32 back-formation
Speaking about compounding we should also mention that

back-formationSpeaking about compounding we should also mention that a particularly productive

a particularly productive type of back-formation relates to the

noun compounds in -ing and -er. For example, the verbs: sleep-walk, house-keep, dry-clean, sight-see.


Слайд 33 Reduplicatives
Some compounds have two or more constituents which

ReduplicativesSome compounds have two or more constituents which are either identical

are either identical or only slightly different,e.g. goody-goody (a

self-consciously virtuous person, informal). The difference between the two constituents may be in the intial consonants, as in walkie-talkie, or in the medial vowels, e.g. criss-cross. Most of the reduplicatives are highly informal or familiar, and many belong to the sphere of child-parent talk, e.g. din-din (dinner).

Слайд 34 Reduplicatives
The most common uses of reduplicatives (sometimes called

ReduplicativesThe most common uses of reduplicatives (sometimes called ‘jingles’) are:[i] to

‘jingles’) are:
[i] to imitate sounds, e.g. rat-a-tat [knocking on

door], tick-tock [of clock],
ha-ha [of laughter], bow-wow [of dog] 
[ii] to suggest alternating movements, e.g. seesaw, flip-flop, ping- pong.
[iii] to disparage by suggesting instability, nonsense, insincerity, vacillation (вагання) etc.: higgledy-piggledy, hocus-pocus, wishy-washy, dilly-dally, shilly-shally.
[iv] to intensify, e.g. teeny-weeny, tip-top.


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