Презентация на тему по английской литературе The role of William Shakespeare in the evolution of English language

impossible to record linguistic changes, as most of them

pass unnoticed by contemporaries.
A living language is like a living being. It cannot be absolutely static, so it develops together with the speech community, that is, with people who speak it.

is a little number of people who are able

to understand the Old English, as it is much differ from the modern English.

process without sudden breaks or rapid transformations.
Traditionally, the English

history is divided into three periods: Old English, Middle English and New English.

of the English language that was spoken and written

by the Anglo-Saxons and their descendants between at least the mid-5th century and the mid-12th century.

æþelingas ellen fremedon.
Oft Scyld Scēfing sceaþena þrēatum,
monegum mǣġþum, meodosetla

oftēah,
egsode eorlas. Syððan ǣrest wearð
fēasceaft funden, hē þæs frōfre ġebād,
wēox under wolcnum, weorðmyndum þāh,
oðþæt him ǣġhwylc þāra ymbsittendra
ofer hronrāde hȳran scolde,
gomban gyldan. Þæt wæs gōd cyning!

What! We of Gare-Danes (lit. Spear-Danes) in yore-days,
of thede (nation/people)-kings, did thrum (glory) frayne (learn about by asking),
how those athelings (noblemen) did ellen (fortitude/courage/zeal) freme (promote).
Oft did Scyld Scefing of scather threats (troops),
of many maegths (clans; cf. Irish cognate Mac-), of mead-settlements atee (deprive),
[and] ugg (induce loathing in, terrify; related to "ugly") earls. Sith (since, as of when) erst (first) [he] worthed (became)
[in] fewship (destitute) found, he of this frover (comfort) aboded,
[and] waxed under welkin (firmament/clouds), [and amid] worthmint (honour/worship) threed (thrived/prospered)
oth that (until that) him each of those umsitters (those "sitting" or dwelling roundabout)
over whale-road (kenning for "sea") hear should,
[and] yeme (heed/obedience; related to "gormless") yield. That was [a] good king!

of the English language during the High and Late

Middle Ages, or roughly during the four centuries between the late 11th and the late 15th century.

wollde
ben borenn i þiss middellærd
forr all mannkinne nede
he

chæs himm sone kinnessmenn
all swillke summ he wollde
& whær he wollde borenn ben
he chæs all att hiss wille.

As soon as the time came
that our Lord wanted
to be born in this middle-earth
for the sake of all mankind,
at once he chose kinsmen for himself,
all just as he wanted,
and he decided that he would be born
exactly where he wished.

system of the language underwent profound alteration.
In Middle

English grammatical forms could also be built in the analytical way, with the help of auxiliary words.

of our Stage!
My Shakespeare, rise; I will not lodge

there by
Chauser, or Spenser, or bid Beamont lye
A little further, to make thee a roome:
Thou art a monument, without a tombe,
And art alive still, while thy Booke doth live,
And we have wits to read, and praise to give.
Triumph, my Britaine, thou hast one to showe.
To whom all Scenes of Europe homage owe.
He was not of an age, but for all time!

"To the memory of my beloved, The Author, Mr. William Shakespeare: and what he hath left us"- Ben Jonson (1572-1637)

1616) was an English poet and playwright, widely regarded

as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon".

local Grammar school in Stratford-upon-Avon.
He would have learnt the

history, theatre and acting as well as Catechism in English and Latin.

this did not just mean studying a part, but

also allowed the player to become a vessel through which something else could be expressed.

dust enclosed heare;
Bleste be ye man yt spares these

stones
And curst be he yt moves my bones.

effect.
Richard: Your beauty was was the cause of that

effect:
Your beauty, that did haunt me in my sleepe,
To vndertake the death of all the wotld,
So I might lieu one houre in your sweet bosom.
Anne: If I thought that, I tell thee Homicide,
These Nailes should rent that beauty from my Cheeks.
Richard: These eyes could not yt beauties wrack,
You should not blemish it, if I stood by;
As all the world is cleared by the Sunne,
So I by that: It is my day, my life.
Anne: Blacke night ore-shade thy day, & death my thy life.
Richard: Curse not thy selfe faire Creature,
Thou art both.
Anne: I would I were, to be reueng’d on thee.
Richard: It is a quarrel most vnnatural,
To be reueng’d on him that loueth thee.

of the language. “You” forms were formal and plural;

thou forms were singular and informal. These were grammatical and social categories, and in Shakespeare’s time they still had force.

term meaning a “hashish eater”. Members of certain sects

would get high on their hash before committing violent deeds.
Only in the first third of the sixteenth century does it appear, in English (and spelled “Ascismus”) to mean someone who would kill for money.

‘twere well
If it were done quickly. If th’ assassination
Could

trammel up the consequence, and catch
With his surcease success, that but this blow
Might be the be-all and the end-all – here,
But here upon this bank and shoal of time,
We’d jump the life to come.

gg

(Shakespearean sonnet)

thief, whence didst thou steal thy sweet that smells,
If

not from my love's breath? The purple pride
Which on thy soft cheek for complexion dwells
In my love's veins thou hast too grossly dyed.
The lily I condemned for thy hand,
And buds of marjoram had stol'n thy hair:
The roses fearfully on thorns did stand,
One blushing shame, another white despair;
A third, nor red nor white, had stol'n of both
And to his robbery had annex'd thy breath;
But, for his theft, in pride of all his growth
A vengeful canker eat him up to death.
  More flowers I noted, yet I none could see
  But sweet or colour it had stol'n from thee.

make Breathed forth the sound that said 'I hate' To

me that languish'd for her sake; But when she saw my woeful state, Straight in her heart did mercy come, Chiding that tongue that ever sweet Was used in giving gentle doom, And taught it thus anew to greet: 'I hate' she alter'd with an end, That follow'd it as gentle day Doth follow night, who like a fiend From heaven to hell is flown away;    'I hate' from hate away she threw,    And saved my life, saying 'not you.'